应勇：对侵害未成年人犯罪要“零容忍”

据最高人民检察院官网消息，‍国家检察官学院2024年春季学期首批调训班次4月8日开班。最高人民检察院党组书记、检察长应勇在为同期培训的5个班次600余名学员授课时强调，善于从纷繁复杂的法律事实中准确把握实质法律关系，善于从具体法律条文中深刻领悟法治精神，善于在法理情的有机统一中实现公平正义，是“高质效办好每一个案件”的重要体现。要坚持以习近平法治思想为指引，坚持从政治上着眼、从法治上着力，深刻认识“三个善于”的基本内涵，准确把握“三个善于”的实践要求，切实把“三个善于”融入检察办案全过程各环节，确保案件办理经得起法律、历史和人民的检验，努力让人民群众在每一个司法案件中感受到公平正义。

4月8日，国家检察官学院2024年春季学期首批调训班次开班。图源：最高检官网

应勇指出，“三个善于”是最高检党组针对实践中存在的就案办案、机械司法问题提出来的，侧重点有所不同，但相互关联、不可偏废。善于从纷繁复杂的法律事实中准确把握实质法律关系是基础，侧重于如何抓住案件中的主要矛盾，要求全面准确把握“以事实为根据”；善于从具体法律条文中深刻领悟法治精神是关键，侧重于如何正确适用法律，要求全面准确理解“以法律为准绳”；善于在法理情的有机统一中实现公平正义是目标，侧重于如何确保案件办理取得最佳效果，要求全面准确统筹“以事实为根据，以法律为准绳”，努力在法律框架内寻求公平正义的“最大公约数”。“三个善于”根本源于对习近平法治思想的领悟和践行，既是认识论也是方法论，重在转变检察人员履职办案的思维方式、引导优化履职办案的工作方式，促进把“高质效办好每一个案件”这个基本价值追求贯彻到检察办案全过程各环节。

最高人民检察院党组书记、检察长应勇为国家检察官学院2024年春季学期首批调训班次授课。图源：最高检官网

应勇强调，善于从纷繁复杂的法律事实中准确把握实质法律关系，必须透过现象看本质。法律事实、案件事实、客观事实以及融于其中的实质法律关系，在性质上应当是一致的，将这些方面联系起来的就是证据。事实和证据是公正司法的基础。要加强证据审查，准确认定法律事实，重现或最大限度接近客观事实，做到“案件事实清楚，证据确实、充分”。证据审查要强调亲历性原则，从案卷中走出来，从办公室走出来，从检察机关走出来，以亲历性保障准确性、实效性。实质法律关系是案件所涉众多法律关系中，起主导和支配作用，对案件定性处理具有决定性影响的法律关系，往往蕴含在众多法律事实、法律关系之中。要厘清主次矛盾，抓住案件中的主要矛盾和矛盾的主要方面，解决最为关键的法律问题，找准实质法律关系，确保准确适用法律。准确把握实质法律关系是抽丝剥茧、察微析疑的过程，要坚持由表及里，加强深层次、实质性监督。

“准确适用法律必须在法治精神、法治原则指引下准确适用具体法律条文。”应勇强调，法治精神是统领法律条文的法理内核，为法律条文的运用和实施提供价值引领；法律条文是落实法治精神的外在载体，为法治精神的实现和革新提供制度土壤。检察办案“以法律为准绳”，不仅包括具体的法律条文，还应当包括蕴含其中的法治精神。善于从具体法律条文中深刻领悟法治精神，要处理好四对辩证关系。

一是法律规范和法律条文的关系。部门法与部门法之间、法律条文与法律条文之间都不是孤立存在的，而是有机联系的整体。既要注重部门法内部总则与分则、条文与条文之间的关系，也要善于统筹运用各类部门法，确保法律适用准确规范。

二是严格依法和法与时转的关系。既要坚持严格依法、公正司法，也须做到法与时转、法随时移，把静态的法律规定和鲜活的办案实践更好结合。

三是法律授权和依法履职的关系。检察机关作为国家的法律监督机关，要坚持“法定职责必须为，法无授权不可为”，既将宪法、法律赋予检察机关的职权运用充分，也要恪守职能边界，不脱离检察职能，不超越检察职权。

四是法律规定和司法政策的关系。司法政策是法治精神在司法实践中的延伸，具有指导法律适用的重要作用。检察办案相对具体、精细，需要统筹落实法律规定和司法政策，在司法政策引导和规范下准确适用法律规定。

应勇强调，善于在法理情的有机统一中实现公平正义，重在确保“三个效果”，要求于法有据、以理服人、以情感人。符合法律基本规定是统筹法理情最基本的要求。检察机关要时刻绷紧“严格依法”这根弦，坚持法治思维、法治方式，确保所有检察办案都遵循法律规定和法治精神。在检察办案中弘扬社会主义核心价值观，是统筹法理情有机统一的重要考量。要切实将社会主义核心价值观融入法律监督、融入检察履职办案，持续彰显法理情统一的司法力量。评判是否公平正义，既有客观标准，也有主观感受。要以人民群众的感受为第一感受，让公正司法与老百姓心中的那杆“秤”同频共振，努力让检察办案更好契合人民群众基本认知，让公平正义真正可感受、能感受、感受到。

应勇强调，把“三个善于”融入检察办案全过程各环节，既要靠检察人员自觉，也要完善工作措施。要优化履职办案制度机制，全面准确落实司法责任制。要提升法律政策运用能力，加强教育培训，完善专业素能培养体系，深入实施数字检察战略，努力让检察人员既当好依法履职办案的“能工”，又成为运用法律政策的“巧匠”。要深入开展党纪学习教育，以自我革命精神纵深推进全面从严治检，加强检察权运行制约监督，严格执行防止干预司法“三个规定”，以过硬纪律作风保障依法履职办案。

“入额就要办案，不办案就要退额。这两方面都是全面准确落实司法责任制的题中应有之义。”“要全面准确把握未成年人保护，对侵害未成年人犯罪要零容忍，对未成年人犯罪也要加强预防和治理。”“法律监督模型建设很重要，建好以后的推广、复制和应用更为重要。要坚持建用并举、注重应用，使法律监督模型真正赋能法律监督。”“正确把握依法监督与绩效考核间关系，必须树牢和践行正确政绩观。无论是检察业务管理，还是检察人员考核，最终目的都是促进检察人员依法履职，不能舍本逐末。”……授课后，应勇与学员们现场互动交流，对学员们提出的员额检察官办案、未成年人犯罪预防和治理、法律监督模型应用、优化考核评价指标等问题，耐心进行了解答。

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